Menstrual Restriction on Health, Education, and Empowerment: A Review of Literature
Abstract
A menstrual restriction is a form of social suffering which is also identified as a violation of the constitutional right globally. But menstrual restriction-related work is still a neglected area. This paper has adopted traditional types of reviews to conceptualize how the health, education, and empowerment of women have been affected by the menstrual restriction.
This study suggests, the menstrual-related restriction is not only a developing world issue but exists globally which has a high impact on girl's health, education, and empowerment. Though, the research on implementation and evaluation of the menstrual restriction is still needed to establish the evidence.
References
Gómez-Sánchez PI, Pardo-Mora YY, Hernández-Aguirre HP, Jiménez-Robayo SP, Pardo-Lugo JC. Menstruation in history. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería. 2012;30(3):371-7. Google Scholar
Hallberg, L., Högdahl, A., Nilsson, L., &Rybo, G. Menstrual Blood Loss and Iron Deficiency. ActaMedicaScandinavica, 180. 1966. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb02880.x[Google Scholar]
Simavi. Ritu Normal and Natural, Baseline Report. Simavi, Impact Center Erasmus, Kingdom of Netherland. 2017. Accessed 18 November 2020. [Link]
Sapkota, D., Sharma, D., Pokharel, H. P., Budhathoki, S. S., & Khanal, V. K. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. 2014. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, 2(3), 122–128.https://doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9962[Google Scholar]
Riley AH, Slifer L, Hughes J, Ramaiya A. Results from a literature review of menstruation-related restrictions in the United States and Canada. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. 2020 ;25:100537.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100537 [Scienedirect]
Prasanna CK. Claiming the public sphere: Menstrual taboos and the rising dissent in India. Agenda. 2016;30(3):91-5.https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1251228[Google Scholar]
Action Works Nepal. (2012). Research report on `MiteriGau-Let’s Live Together Campaign’ to initiate Chhaupadi Free Community in Jumla and Kalikot districts of Karnali, Nepal (p. 23). [Link]
Kadariya S, Aro AR. Chhaupadi practice in Nepal–analysis of ethical aspects. Medicolegal and Bioethics. 2015;5:53-8. [Link] [Google Scholar]
Chhetri, A., &Chetri AU.ChhaupadiPrathaMahila-AstittawamathiPrahar. 2013. Kathmandu Nepal. Asmita women’s publishing house.
Delaney, J., Lupton, M. J., &Toth, E. The Curse, A Cultural History of Menstruation (Revised Edition). 1988. United States. University of Illinos Press
Kleinman, A., Das, V., & Lock, M. M. Social Suffering. 1997. United States. University of California Press.
Ministry ofLaw, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Nepal Law Commission. 2020. [Link]
SOLE-SMITH, V. (2019). The Point of a Period. Scientific American, 320(5), 32–40. https://doi.org/doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0519-32
Farage MA, Miller KW, Davis A. Cultural aspects of menstruation and menstrual hygiene in adolescents. Expert Review of Obstetrics &Gynecology. 2011;6(2):127-39.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eog.11.1 [Link] [Google Scholar]
Mukherjee A, Lama M, Khakurel U, Jha AN, Ajose F, Acharya S, Tymes-Wilbekin K, Sommer M, Jolly PE, Lhaki P, Shrestha S. Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey. Reproductive Health. 2020;17(1):1-0.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00935-6 [Open Access]
Pandit C. Study on the Chhaupadi and delivery system (Misconception on menstruation and delivery) and effect on women‟s health in Bajura, District in Nepal. Paper presented at the First National Population Conference. 2014. Kathmandu Nepal. [Link]
Pandey A. Challenges experienced by adolescent girls while menstruation in Kathmandu, valley: A qualitative study. J Community Med Health Educ. 2014;4(285):2161-0711. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000285 [Google Scholar]
Mugambi A, Georgas T. Menstruation as an education and gender indicator affecting girls dropping out of school. 2016. [Full Text][Google Scholar]
Chuck A. Disparities in the System: The Effects of Free Primary Education (FPE) on the quality of Education in Nairobi’s Public Schools. ISP Collection. 2009 :713.[Google Scholar]
Sommer M. Where the education system and women’s bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania. Journal of adolescence. 2010;33(4):521-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.008Google Scholar
Sommer M, Ackatia-Armah N, Connolly S, Smiles D. A comparison of the menstruation and education experiences of girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia and Ethiopia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 2015;45(4):589-609. https://doi-org.libaccess.hud.ac.uk/10.1080/03057925.2013.871399[Link]
Paudel R (2020) Menstrual Restrictions and Its Impact on Learning and Education: A Case from Jumla, Nepal. ARCH Women Health Care Volume 3(2): 1-8. [Link] [Full Text]
Lawrick KR. Women speak of menarche: the experience and its influence on views of self. 2003. [Google Scholar]
Posner J, Kayastha P, Davis D, Limoges J, O’Donnell C, Yue K. Development of leadership self-efficacy and collective efficacy: adolescent girls across castes as peer educators in Nepal. Global Public Health. 2009 ;4(3):284-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441690902783157 [Google Scholar]
Douglas M. Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. Routledge; 2003 Aug 29. London and New York. [Google Scholar] [Full Text]
Behera D, Sivakami M, Behera MR. Menarche and menstruation in rural adolescent girls in Maharashtra, India: A qualitative study. Journal of Health Management. 2015;17(4):510-9.https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063415612581
Thakre SB, Thakre SS, Reddy M, Rathi N, Pathak K, Ughade S. Menstrual hygiene: knowledge and practice among adolescent school girls of Saoner, Nagpur district. J ClinDiagn Res. 2011;5(5):1027-33. [Google Scholar][Full Text]
Williams, CW. Tackling the Taboo of Menstruation. 2017. [Link]
Philippa, Jilly S., “MHM Practices (Sanitary Napkin Usage and Disposal) Among Girls in Tiruchirappalli District – A Public Health Issue,” Public Health in India, Chidambaranathan, C., and Mary, I. Jenitta, Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors: Jaipur, 2011.
Sapkota D, Sharma D, Pokharel HP, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. Journal of Kathmandu medical college. 2013;2(3):122-8.https://doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9962
Karki S, Rajbhandari AK, Dahal M, Shahi P, Sharma S. Knowledge and practice on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls of selected slums in Kathmandu valley. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences. 2018;5(2):114-22.https://doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v5i2.24031 [Google Scholar] [Full Text]
Walton S. Does Menstruation Hinder Women’s Empowerment? Working Toward Social Change In South India. Google Scholar
Anderson, G. L., &Grinberg, J. (1998). Educational Administration as a Disciplinary Practice:Appropriating of view of Foucault’s Power, Discourse, and methods. Educational Administrative Quarterly, 34(3), 329–353.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X98034003004 [Google Scholar]
United Nations Human Rights. Beijing +20: human rights of women. 2014. [Link] [Full Text]
Copyright (c) 2021 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in EJMS are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). The author(s) as the copyright holder will retain the ownership of the copyrights without any restrictions for their content under the CC-BY 4.0 license, and allow others to copy, use, print, share, modify, and distribute the content of the article even in commercial purpose as long as the original authors and the journal are properly cited. No permission is required from the author/s or the publishers. Appropriate attribution can be provided by simply citing the original article.
On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author is responsible for completing and returning the agreement form to the editorial office. More information about the terms and conditions, privacy policies, and copyrights can be found on the webpage of the Creative Commons license privacy policy. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
